Communicating Information in the Scientific Workplace

Communicating Information in the Scientific Workplace Procedures and Practices The work carried out in a lab is greatly depended on communication between the people working in it, to ensure instructions are given and receive accurately and applicably. This is extremely crucial in a scientific work place because poor communication in a science lab between the workers leads to not getting accurate results and would totally mess up any kind of experiments or test they carry out. Communicating in a team is vital and makes the organization of a process even and efficient. The work carried out by scientists and technicians relies on the arrangement of the team they work in and the way each of the team member acts. Many work places have a hierarchy, which means that the most senior person will have various levels of people reporting to them. A hierarchy depends on how big a team is and the routines that are carried out. This is also very important because it keeps a balance in the workplace and makes sure everything is well organised. The results generated in a workplace will be precise to that workplace. Whatever the results are, they ought to be only being communicated to those who need to know them. This is extremely vital for the reason that confidentiality is really important in a scientific work place, especially if the scientist have discovered something new. It is extremely important that scientific terminology is used and understood by the team members in order for effective communication so that no one is misunderstood and could lead to errors because of misunderstanding. Different types of communication in a scientific workplace. Meetings are an effective way to converse matters in the workplace and make decisions or plans. It allows discussions between colleagues about current affairs in the scientific workplace and other important news, so if they have any problems while working they can bring it up in the meetings. Things like health and safety are great to talk about in meetings to improve laboratory work. There will always be new people joining the workplace, or even visitors, it is an important to hold an induction for new comers so that they are shown the correct and current lab procedures and practices to know how the workplace is run. This helps them to know how to do/carry out certain procedures in the lab and also gives them a clearer understanding on safety hazards/regulations. Emails are a professional way to communicate with colleagues as it is fast and safe. Bulletins and newsletters inform the scientists and technicians of the workplace current information that is important to know. These can be communicated through magazines, emails or just leaflets. Signs around the lab are vital as they give out key important information in case of emergencies and just general information. Signs are always noticeable and can be seen clearly which promotes health and safety. Having signs around the work place is extremely helpful because it shows exactly what you need, where and what is does. Verbal communication is the most significant type of communication as it allows information to be given directly to another worker. Verbal communication is understood more clearly and further questions and data can be given for clarification if something may not be understood in first instance. This is the best way of communicating because it is said directly to the worker itself, plus if the worker hasnt understood then they can ask right away. This makes verbal communication in a scientific workplace the fastest type of communication. D1 Analyse why laboratory procedures and practices must be clearly communicated Procedures and practices in a scientific workplace are extremely important to be communicated very clearly because this will also improve the safety of the employee because their employer have the responsibility to monitor that all the procedures are being communicated correctly and the practices are also being communicated clearly as well. This is also because if they are communicated clearly they will be fewer accidents at work and will also give a great chance of the experiment being accurate because operations will be done in appropriate and safe manner. This also reduces a number of common mistakes and increases the companys productivity and as well as financial income, this will also help them to save more money on things such as compensation and insurances. When procedures and practices are not communicated clearly, employees will be involved in accidents which can be fatal or might not be fatal but either way they can seriously get injured and the company will have to take the responsibility because they will be the ones who failed to get communication of the procedures and practices clearly to their employee. So then this will also lead to the company making losses, the activities being carried out by the organisation will also have negative impacts to the environment and all other living organisms. This will also affect biodiversity as a result, this because the procedures and practices are set there for a reason to avoid all this from happening and therefore they are supposed to be communicated clearly.

Critical Elements of User Experience Design

Critical Elements of User Experience Design Prof. Michael Weyrich, Tobias Jung, Zeller Christian Zange Hossain Mohammad Faysal Ebna Hossain Critical Elements of User Experience Design as a Success Factor for Virtual Working Spaces in the Digital Enterprise Basis    Thesis No: Type: Class of Process Model: Student: Supervisor: Begin: End: 2843 MT Model for Conceptional Projects Hossain Jg/Ze 20.09.2016 20.03.2017 Document: Version: Author: Date: Status: Basis 1.0 Hossain 16.03.17 submitted File Name: Pages: Print Date: Template: co-basis-v10 31 co-basis.dotm (Program of study: INFOTECH) Document Version Management Version Author QA Date Status Changes 0.1 Hossain Jg 11.11.2016 in progress Creation 1.0 Hossain Jg 22.02.2017 submitted Initial Submission 1.1 Introduction An Enterprise Network is the backbone of communications within an enterprise or organization that that enables the employees and stakeholders communicate with each other in an efficient and effective manner. A digital enterprise workplace is where technology, processes, people, and the Enterprise organization converge to enhance agility, engagement, and productivity. It is a virtual platform where employees and stakeholders can get the technology tools they require to do their tasks effortlessly. [UBMC15] .Here we are talking about the underlying professional and personal network. It enhances internal and external enterprise communication superintendence. The interactive characteristics on the Internet, Wiki and blogosphere have become essential nowadays. With two-thirds of the worlds Internet population are visiting a social networking or blogging site, and the amount of time spent on these platforms are increasing at more than three times the rate of overall Internet growth [UNiel09]. The Enterprise network has also been changing over past years. Social technologies have been added to the Enterprise network to increase productivity to and communication. Social technologies have apprehended the thought of consumers, business leaders, and political leaders. Millions of people have adopted new practices: conveying social interactions online, developing connections, and building and sharing content. Social technologies can be described as digital technologies utilized by people to communicate socially and collectively to build, improve, and exchange contents. Social technologies possess three major characteristics: Figure 1: Characteristics of Social Technologies [McK12] People can communicate socially (e.g., chat, share personal news, send greetings), social technologies enable anybody inside a community or organization to create, add, or modify content and communications. This involves combining or deleting content such as a document or a link, contributing to content supplemented by others, endorsing (e.g., liking a piece of content), or executing an action that an individual knows will be shared. The way of knowledge sharing and communication has been dramatically changed or improved as a side effect of using social technologies. Social technologies can perform a central role in how information is gathered, sourced, analyzed, and disseminated among interested person. 1.2 Applications incorporating Social Technologies and digital workplace    Social technologies incorporate a wide range of applications for both Customers and Enterprises. The figure below has been taken from the report published by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) that includes applications used for social technologies: Figure 2: Wide range of applications for social technologies [McK12] Social network: A Social structure comprised of a collection of social actors (for example organizations or individuals), a collection of dyadic ties, and other social interactions among social actors are known as the Social Network. This perspective provides an assemblage of methods for analyzing the structure of all social entities. [Was94] Blogs/Microblogs: A blog is a conversation or informational web platform published on the World Wide Web comprising of discrete and usually informal diary-style text entries (called posts). Posts are usually arranged in reverse sequential order, so that the very recent post appears first, at the top of the web page. [UBlog17]. Microblogging is a service that facilitates its users to send and announce small notes, normally just text and typically react to queries. The blog is generally a personal reflection. Rating and reviews: Rating and review provide a way that enables users or readers to rank the content socially. It also allows users to reveal their feelings about the content (usually through emoticons). Social commerce: Social commerce is basically a subset of electronic commerce. It involves online social   media that promotes social interaction, and user participation to support online purchasing and selling of goods and services.[USoCo13] Wiki: A wiki is a web-based platform that implements collaborative modification of its content and composition right away from the web browser. In a conventional wiki, the words are written using a simplified markup language (known as wiki markup) and usually edited with the aid of a rich-text editor. [EnBr08]. The wiki the jointly edited content where approved users can jointly edit and publish the content. Discussion Forum: An Internet forum is an online discussion platform where users can hold discussions in the form of posted messages. The posted messages are usually longer than one line of text and are often archived. Additionally, the forum set-up in such a way that a posted message may need to be validated by a moderator before it becomes published. [UWiFo08]. The core idea of the Forum is the exchange of ideas or topics. Shared workspaces: The shared workspace is an interrelated ecosystem in which all users in separated areas can reach and interact with each other. The ecosystem maintained by electronic communications which facilitate users to overcome location and time differentials. The environment is facilitated by a shared rational paradigm, general information, and a common perception by all of the members despite physical position. Crowdsourcing: Crowdsourcing is a specific sourcing model in which individuals or organizations use contributions from Internet users to obtain needed services or ideas. Crowdsourcing was coined in 2005 as a portmanteau of crowd and outsourcing. [Mat11] Social gaming: A social network game is a type of online game that is played through social networks.[Jarv09] They typically feature multiplayer and asynchronous gameplay mechanics. Social network games are most often implemented as browser games, but can also be implemented on other platforms such as mobile devices.[Kim11] Media and file sharing: Media and files sharing among the members have a significant impact on knowledge and information sharing. It provides flexibility and alternative means to work collaboratively with the members. 2.1 Introduction User experience design is the method of improving user satisfaction with a product by enhancing the usability, accessibility, and pleasure rendered in the interaction with the product. This section begins with regular usability evaluation and why it has become progressively critical to focus on the user experience (UX). 2.2 What is Usability Usability is a quality attribute that determines how usable is a system or product by its user. The term Usability also points to methods for enhancing ease-of-use throughout the design or development process. Nielsen Norman group mentioned five quality components that defines the term Usability: [UNiel12] Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design? Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks? Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they reestablish proficiency? Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors? Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design? In brief, Usability determines how easy pleasant a product/system to use. 2.3 Importance of Usability It is very much crucial to make a system where users should not have to think too hard while they are using the system. The user should not have to refer to help sections, and they should not be constrained to feel stupid. By observing the user, finding the usability issues and resolving them in an appropriate manner these situations can be avoided. System developers usually forget that they are not typical users. There may be aspects of the system that seem apparent to the developer that might, in fact, be entirely confusing to the users. It is therefore essential to take a step back once in a while and make sure that the users are not left behind. Usability Testing is an indispensable aspect of the User-Centred method that establishes the user, at the heart of the development process rather than the system. Embracing such an approach pushes that the user should be foremost in the design determinations. According to the International Standards Organization (ISO 9241-11: Guidance on Usability) Usability is the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. These three factors are very much important to attain business goals. An effective website An efficient website A satisfied user allows customers (users) to achieve their goals provides answers quickly achieves their goal has a high conversion rate follows a logical sequence enjoys their experience meets business objectives doesnt waste resources tells others delivers a positive brand image requires less content management time comes back again Table 1: Why Usability parameters are important [URed11] Usability testing lets the design and development teams recognize problems before roll out of the system. The earlier flows are identified and fixed; the less costly the fixes will be concerning both resource time and possible influence to the schedule.   During a usability test: Investigate the activities of the participants to see whether it meets usability objectives Identify how satisfied users are with the system or product Discover if users can accomplish specified tasks as intended Experience how long it takes to accomplish specified tasks Determine adjustments needed to enhance user performance and satisfaction 2.4 Usability Evaluation Conventionally evaluating the usability of a product does not come into play until the system development is completed or nearly completed. Once completed, users would be requested to accomplish certain tasks on the system. Their performance would then be measured, often using the five usability attributes of Nielsen: Learnability, Efficiency, Memorability, Errors and Satisfaction.[UNiel12] This way of usability testing does not include users until very late in the project and concentrates on the system rather than how the user experiences the System. Racing toward launch without looking back might have seemed like a good idea back when the launch date was set, but the result is likely to be a product that meets all the technical requirements for the project but does not work for your users. Even worse, by tackling user experience evaluation on at the end, you might end up launching a product that you know is broken but have no opportunity (or money left) to fix. [Garret10] This means of usability evaluation is often named user acceptance testing. The term accepting is important here, symbolizing that the focus lies on whether the user accepts the system, rather than whether he/she can use the system as intended 2.5 User Experience Focus Technological improvements in ubiquitous computing have created an opportunity for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to be a massive part of our day-to-day life. This has effected a shift from traditional usability engineering to so-called User Experience, where the emotions and motivations of the end-user are provided a principal role than traditional usability metrics such as efficiency and effectiveness. There have been studies about defining User Experience amongst UX professionals that have demonstrated inconclusive [Law09] and these are within the field of Human-Computer Interaction. One could dispute that the principles following UX could be applied to any production process. The nearest we can get to a definition is addressed in the ISO 9241-210 standard on the Ergonomics of Human System Interaction Part 210: Human-Centred Design for interactive systems (ISO, 2008): A persons perceptions and responses that result from the use or anticipated use of a product, system or service Above statement highlights the experience the user has while using or anticipates using a particular product. The notion of anticipated use grants the idea that UX can play a crucial role in the early development stages of system development mentioning that thinking UX before an actual working system is ready can produce invaluable input. User experience specialists strive to make the system User-Centered. It indicates that while the development of the system the user is constantly the principal focus point and drives the evolution process. According to the ISO standard, six postulates assure the product is User-Centered:[UUCD17] 1. The design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments. 2. Users are involved throughout design and development. 3. The design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation. 4. The process is iterative. 5. The design addresses the whole user experience. 6. The design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives. Second Principle (Users are involved throughout design and development) entails that UX teams should include users in all design stages: not just by operating a focus group at the beginning of design or by administering a survey at the end of the project. 3.1 Introduction Usability testing involves watching representative users working with the system so that development team can make improvements based on what participants do with the system. Usability testing provides invaluable feedback about how the users behave with the system. Knowing how users behave helps to create a much more suitable Platform or application. Rather than just guessing about what people might like on these, it is possible to see their reactions first hand, and then make sure that the system contains just the right features. Learning about issues early in the process saves development time and money. Rather than spending time developing the wrong thing, a quick usability test will tell the developer whether they are on the right track or not. Getting the data directly from the users is a much better way of doing design work than arguing about features among the team. In fact, usability testing is a great way of stopping arguments. Rather than spending time on fighting over whose idea is best, put the concepts in front of real users to see how well they can work with them. There is nothing quite like real user feedback that helps to determine the best way forward. The thing that separates usability testing from many other methods is that with usability testing, it is possible to see real behaviors, what people do rather than just asking what people think. Often watching people do something is the only way to really understand where the issues lie and how to fix the problems you see. Ease of use doesnt originate from wishful thinking. It comes from conveying methodical usability engineering activities throughout the project lifecycle. This is a real effort and sacrifices real money, though not as much as some people worry. It is possible to conduct simple forms of user testing in a few days and obtain vast insights into both user behavior and recommended design enhancements. 3.2 Usability Costs To estimate the total cost of usability (as opposed to the price of a single test), Nielsen Norman Group collected data from 863 design projects that incorporated Usability Testing. Depending on how they have calculated it, usability costs were within 8% and 13% of the projects budget. Based on these findings from other surveys, they have concluded that current best practices call for dedicating about 10% of a projects budget to usability. [UNiel03] In reality, the cost of usability doesnt extend linearly with project size, since many usability testing cost about the same, notwithstanding of how big the project is. A project thats ten times larger, for example, usually requires only four times more usability spending. 3.3 Reduce Development Cost Accurate planning at the start of a Systems design process will save time, money and effort in the long run. A study by Smith Reinersten found that the critical system-design decisions made during the first 10% of a products design process can determine 90% of the products cost and performance. This is an outstanding illustration of how a little investment at an initial stage can have a tremendous positive impact on the final product. [UWilson14] The more money will organization invest in usability at an initial design stage the greater will have the end product. A tiny amount of cash spent on usability design and testing will save the organization from costly design fixes or redesigns later in the cycle. 3.4 Reduced Support Costs An enormous gain of financing in usability is diminished support costs. Just put, a System with better usability will reduce potential customer support concerns and eventually reduce customer support costs. An excellent way to enhance the websites usability, while decreasing support costs is by giving online guidance to the users. Another illustration of how financing in usability at the early stage of the design process will save the money at a later stage. A study by Pressman found that 80% of costs during a softwares lifecycle come from the maintenance phase. The study also found that greatest part of these costs rises out of unmet or unforeseen user requirements. [UWilson14] Figure 3: Reduced call and support costs minimizes maintenance cost Spending in usability helps to resolve these issues during the design stage, where they can be dispensed with at a much lower price. All redundant second that the support staff uses responding to a customer support issue (time when paying for their wages) is the cost of poor usability investment. 3.5 Increased Sales Its not a big leap in logic to claim that improved usability for customers will make them more likely to execute a purchase or to extend their purchase volume. A study by Creative Good discovered that giving a better experience for the customers will prolong the quantity of purchasers by 40%. [UWilson14] Another study by UI Engineering observed that by giving sufficient product information to your customers at the right time you can increase sales on your site by up to 225%. [UWilson14] Improved usability makes for satisfied clients who are more likely to purchase, eventually expanding the businesss profits. 3.6 Usability Benefits The Nielsen Norman Group have analyzed data from 42 cases where usability metrics were available for website redesigns. Averaged across the 42 pairs of measures they had found, usability increased by 135% when they omitted five outliers with especially significant usability improvements. (If they include these outliers, the average improvement jumps to 202%.) [UNiel03] The improvement in usability metrics differed depending on the metric, as the following table shows: Table 2: The improvement in usability metrics differed depending on the metric [UNiel03] The current study of Nielsen Norman Group does not incorporate intranet redesign projects. However, based on their studies of intranet design potential, Jakob Nielsen consider that the average improvement in intranet usability metrics is a bit below 100%. [UNiel03] 3.6.1 Co-Creation Certainly, the very common metric of ROI is financial, and a tested-to-breaking-point product, including a user-centric UI, will assure the user experience is a pleasurable one, promoting more exchanges, and, in turn, increased revenue. 3.6.2 Trust If the organization is providing the users a great user experience, the organization will also be strengthening trust in the brand. A user is more reasonably to retain with a website or platform that theyve earlier had a trouble-free experience of, than one thats showed something of a usability nightmare. How many customers are using the system, and how many are yielding to use again, can be tracked via analytics software. 3.6.3 Productivity Profits can also be gained through an increase in productivity of any employee. Systems need rigorous testing to assure the design and UI are helpful to an experience that cuts the time it needs to accomplish a task, enabling the employee to gain more. 4.1 Introduction The scope of this user experience and usability testing of the platform is for the pilot of GIZs enterprise portal which is focused on GIZs communities of practice. For this instance, it is very much important to understand the community business processes and the specific use cases for GIZs communities of practice (CoP). A community is a group of experts / development practitioners that share knowledge on common development topics and challenges as well as work collaboratively on effective, efficient, innovative, sustainable solutions based on their own experiences and expertise. A community is a collection of people with shared values, behaviors and artifacts. 4.2 Communities of practice Communities of practice are groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly. [UWen15] Shared domain: It has an identity defined by a shared domain of interest. Website à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   community. Sense of community: In pursuing their interest in their domain, members engage in joint activities and discussions, help each other, and share information. Shared practice: Members of a community of practice are practitioners. They develop a shared repertoire of resources: experiences, stories, tools, ways of addressing recurring problems-in short a shared practice. This takes time and sustained interaction. Communities of practice have a great impact on organizational value chain and knowledge management including knowledge sharing. The infusing factors based on the effectiveness of the communities on practice has been explained by W.M.H. Oosting in 2009 which has shown below: Figure 4: Influencing elements of the effectiveness of a CoP [Oosting09] The core is the proper connection between purpose, content, content, conversations and connections where the purpose is at the center and everything is linked bi-directionally with it. From the figure we can express wrathfully that setting up the purpose has a great impact on the success of CoP. 4.3 Community Management Framework For the business case of GIZ, we have clustered questions which lead to the Community Management Framework. These clusters lead to the business needs of GIZs Communities. Factor Questions Purpose and incentives What is in for me? What benefits do we hope to get? Strategic relevance of the common topic? Outcomes What useful (preliminary) outcomes do we want to achieve? Stakeholders /actors Who should be a member? What is their social glue/shared practice? Have key roles been defined? Negotiations What ground rules and milestones do we need for internal cooperation and management? Orientation What common vision have we agreed upon? Resources Budget for the community? Are members given enough resources by their business units/organizations? Strategy Strategy for planning and implementation by the community? Growth Plan/concept for increasing the number of members? How to turn new members into returning members? Content and moderation Who is/are the community manager/s? Do they have enough resources (time, opportunities and ability to build bridges) and the necessary status? What content is to be created and edited? What content can members be asked to input?

The Theme Of Inherit The Wind :: essays research papers

In the play Inherit the Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, the theme is that every person has the right to think. One example of the theme of this play is Rachel's progression towards independent thinking. In the beginning Rachel fears her father greatly. She says, "I remember feeling this way when I was a little girl. . . .But I was always more frightened of him that I was of falling. It's the same way now" (48-49). However, by the end of the book she has grown away from her father, and now has her own opinions and thoughts. Her new growth and acceptance is shown in her statement: "This is your book, Bert. I've read it. All the way through. I don't want to think that men come from apes and monkeys. But I think that's besides the point" (111). A second example of the theme of Inherit the Wind is shown by the way Drummond acts and how frustrated he becomes when he talks to Brady. In the courtroom, Brady says, "A man is on trial!" (64). Drumm ond is extremely agitated and replies by saying, "A thinking man! And he is threatened with fine and imprisonment because he chooses to speak what he thinks" (64). After their disagreement Drummond states his opinion, by saying, "I am trying to establish, Your Honor, that Howard-or Colonel Brady-or Charles Darwin-or anyone in this courtroom-or you sir-has the right to think!" (64). The theme becomes more apparent throughout the play by the way Cates stands up for and defends himself. At first, Bert Cates is very unsure of himself and is not sure if what he did was correct. Cates questions Drummond as to whether he should stay with the case or give in.

Family and Church Essay -- essays research papers

Family and Church: Enduring Institutions I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Family Life As a result of myths of white family life, there has been much confusion over the nature of black families. One of the myths of the nineteenth century entails the close- knit white family, which was parallel to that of the European family. Also, as a result of these myths, scholars often ignored the differences of American and European life. For example, women in frontier areas had a much stronger voice in family affairs than most scholars realized, simply because of the shortage of women. Therefore, women exercised a large percentage of authority in the family. In the cities where family was of little importance as an economic unit and the father was often at work, the care of the children was primarily the responsibility of the mother. By 1880, the American family became more democratic. After the second half of the nineteenth century, changes in the nature and functions of the family occurred. For example, changes such as industrialization, improvements in transportation, the weakening of religious bonds, and increased knowledge of birth control, led to more working wives and more premarital sex, downgraded the importance of family. As a result of relaxed divorce laws and a greater emphasis on romantic love, there was an increase in the number of divorces. By the 1970’s, one in every three marriages ended in divorce, the failure rate for new marriages was thirty percent, nine million people were divorced or separated, and twelve million single individuals were heading households with children. There were so many divorces that a large number of whites were practicing serial monogamy, meaning one person having only one spouse at time, but more than one in his or her lifetime. Most often researchers speak of the pathological disorganization of the black family and imply that all black families are matriarchal, meaning the woman is the head of the household. The dangerous part of this myth was popularized by Daniel P. Moyhnihan, who asserted that the pathological weakness of the black family was,† capable of perpetuating itself without the assistance from the white world.† The weakness of the black family may be seen as a direct result of centuries of white oppression of blacks and not as inherent and immutable. The black family grew out of a complex combination o... ... black clergy felt that Afro Americans had a special duty to regenerate the land of their fathers. The African Methodist Episcopal Church established a mission in Haiti in 1827, for instance, to â€Å"aid in making the Haitian nationality and government, strong, powerful, and commanding among the civilized nations of the earth.† VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literary Praise for the Black Church Black poets, less critical of black religion than novelists, captured more of the essential spirit of the church than most scholars could. While occasionally complaining about the excessive humility of black Christians, the poets used the rhythm and message of sermons, prayers and services in celebration of God’s love and promise of deliverance. The black minister, portrayed sympathetically, was also a favorite subject of black poets. Like James Weldon Johnson, many of the poets reproduced the cadences and messages of the folk sermon. They portrayed the minister’s beautiful word pictures. Among the best of them was Paul Laurence Dunbar’s 1896 poem, â€Å"An Antebellum Sermon,† which demonstrates the black preacher’s attempt to correlate biblical messages with his flock’s hope of early rewards.

Social Classes and the Strains They May Cause in The Awakening by Kate

Social Classes and the Strains They May Cause in The Awakening by Kate Chopin In the novel The Awakening by Kate Chopin, class structures are a significant key to some of the actions of three main characters. Leonce, who is married to Edna, is the character who goes along with the upper-class structure because he wants to be accepted by his peers. Robert, who falls in love with Edna, is too scared to go against the traditional thinking of the upper class. Finally, Edna, who is the main character in the novel, does go against her upper-class structure for her own happiness. Leonce is the typical husband; he wants to please his wife, Edna, but he also wants to be recognized by his upper-class friends. He truly does love Edna, but he treats her as though she were a child. He also thinks of Edna as his chattel. For example, at the very start of the novel, while looking at his wife like a piece of property, Leonce says, "You are burnt beyond recognition" (24). Leonce looks at her as if she were a lower- class citizen since it would be those that labor in the sun who would be "burnt" (24). During that time period, most upper-class husbands did treat their wives as if they were a valuable possession. However, Edna does not want to be looked at in a manner that gives her a sense that she is property. Edna wants to be her own person. She wants to have her own opinions about her life, without having her husband tell her whether she can or cannot think for herself. She basically ignores her husband. Margit Stange in her essay "Personal Property: Exchange Value and the Female Self in The Awakening" mentions that "what Edna Pontellier considers as her property is [. . .] her body" (277). Edna doesn’t see herself as property of h... ...es within herself; she as a flower has begun to die and wilt. She was the only person through the novel who is brave enough to think in a new way. Before Edna commits suicide, she feels that no one understood her. No one knew why she was trying to change things within her class. One reason why she does kill herself is the fact that she knows that she cannot live in such close societal boundaries. The simple way to face this reality for Edna is to just forget all together and put an end to her life. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. 1899. Ed. Nancy A. Walker. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. 2nd ed. New York: Bedford-St.Martin’s, 2000. Stange, Margit. "Personal Property: Exchange Value and the Female Self in The Awakening." The Awakening. Ed. Nancy A. Walker. Case Studies Contemporary Criticism. 2nd ed. New York: Bedford-St.Martin’s, 2000.

Challenges Of Minority Groups In Cambodia Education Essay

IntroductionCambodia is a underdeveloped state, which is located in South East Asia, and most of the citizens are Buddhist and Khmer is their female parent lingua. On the one manus, there are diverse states populating together such as: Chinese, Cham, Vietnamese and others including cultural minority groups who are populating in the northeasterly states of Cambodia. ( UNESCO & A ; CARE, 2005 ) . Recently, 34.5 % of instructors in distant countries and 6.4 % in rural countries have non attended higher instruction. Many rural households depend on agribusiness for a life, and instruction costs are the highest disbursal they are confronting. Basically, they are impossible to direct all of their kids to school, particularly misss because of the personal security, and long distance between schools in rural and distant countries ( UNESCO, 2010 ) . This survey besides mentions that kids who do non go to school and who probably bead out are the kids with disablements, misss and kids from rural , distant and boundary line countries ( p. 29 ) . It is truly hard for them to analyze because of their linguistic communications use, finally bilingual instruction is incorporating and accommodating into communities. Teachers from the local communities are trained to run into the educational demands of the kids in the communities, clip tabular array are adapted base on farming seasons, and the schools are run by Community Boards ( UNESCO & A ; CARE, 2005 ) . The intent of this research is concentrating on the undermentioned inquiries: What are the better schemes to better minority groups ‘ instruction to run into MoEYS ‘s aims and vision? Does the bilingual instruction undertaking help minority groups to make higher and better instruction? What can MoEYS, Cambodia Government every bit good as NGOs contribute to develop minority group instruction? Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of Cambodia As the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport ‘s vision in the Education Strategic Plan 2009-2013 ( 2010 ) stated that â€Å" in order to develop a knowledge-based society within Cambodia it has to set up and develop human resources with the highest quality and moralss † ( p. 1 ) . To accomplish this vision, MoEYS has the mission of taking, managing and developing the Education, Youth and Sport sector in Cambodia in response to the socio-economic and cultural development demands of its people and the world of regionalization and globalisation. Meanwhile, a long-run aim of the MoEYS is to accomplish the holistic development of Cambodia ‘s immature people for all sectors and an immediate aim is besides to do certain that all Kampuchean kids and young person have equal chance to derive quality of instruction consistent with the Constitution and the Royal Government ‘s committedness to the UN Child Rights Convention, irrespective of societal position, geographics , ethnicity, faith, linguistic communication, gender and physical signifier ( p. 2 ) . To win in accomplishing the above aims and vision, MoEYS has defined three chief policy precedences and two are mentioned as follows: Ensure just entree to educational services by constructing schools every bit near as possible to abodes, diminishing the figure of uncomplete primary schools, increasing operational budgets to schools, increasing the supply of instructors, supplying houses to instructors and edifice residence halls for pupils in deprived countries, particularly misss, disablements and minority groups ( p. 13 ) . In order to accomplish this policy, there many schemes raised in this Education Strategic Plan 2009-2013 by MoEYS and some are showing here. The first scheme is to guarantee entry of all six twelvemonth olds into primary school including kids from hapless households, kid labourers, kids in deprived countries, kids with disablements, kids affected by HIV/AIDS, and cultural minority groups. The 2nd aim is to increase chances for just entree to higher instruction through increasing the figure of scholarships for prioritized pupils from hapless households, females and pupils from distant countrie s ( p. 15 ) . Similarly, the Education Sector Support Program 2006-2010 by MoEYS ( 2005 ) besides stated that â€Å" the secondary schools scholarships plan aims will be to guarantee increased instruction chances for pupils with high academic virtue from the poorest and deprived households, particularly misss and cultural minorities, through a gradual addition in the figure of targeted scholarships for the hapless † ( p. 27 ) To better the quality and efficiency of educational services by increasing the proviso of school instructional stuffs, libraries and research labs, and go oning to further develop the course of study, increasing acquisition hours and supplying scholarships ( hard currency and nutrient ) to hapless pupils, heightening instruction and direction capacities, beef uping the instructors ‘ codification of behavior, bettering schools ‘ environment, spread outing vocational orientation, increasing review of disposal, finance and instruction quality confidence ( MoEYS, 2010, pp.13-15 ) Economic state of affairs of minority groups Peoples who are populating in the rural and distant countries do non hold easy entree to all the possibilities markets, particularly concerns. Their lives are depending on the season, and when the planting clip come most people are working in the Fieldss. They have to pass most of their clip in the Fieldss in order to gain higher income to back up the households and communities. Their incomes come from selling rice, handcrafts and veggies but it is still really low. They can gain about eighty seven thousand riel or under 20 two dollars per month per family. Before acquiring this money they have to go to markets to sell merchandises to Kampuchean bargainers and purchase something that they on a regular basis need such as: baccy, coffin nails, medical specialties, apparels and some nutrients. Therefore, there is really small clip left for them to believe of instruction or directing their kids to schools particularly misss who are non literate at all. Additionally, merely a few work forces are literate ( UNESCO, 2005 ) Basic information of minority groups instruction Duos to the conditions of life are far off from the business districts, minority groups do non hold easy to schools. Harmonizing to UNCESO ( 2005 ) , â€Å" instruction degrees were higher for males than females ; no female aged 15 and over had completed primary school, and merely 8.2 % have had any instruction at all. The bulk of villagers were 77.8 % nonreader in Khmer, and aged 15 and over spoke small or no Khmer 83.5 % † . ( p.22 ) Races and ethnicity groups in Cambodia Recently, Cambodia is developing all sectors particularly education sectors in different finishs including urban and rural countries, which are located far off from towns. Examples include the rural parts of Ratanakiri and Modulkiri which have higher rates of non-enrollment compared to national norms. Childs who are populating within minority groups are non reached because of their poorness state of affairs and rural location. So far, â€Å" there are 36 cultural minority groups in Cambodia accounting for about 4 per centum of the population † ( World Bank as cited in UNICEF, 2007, p.6 ) Bilingual instruction for minority groups To learn bilingual instruction to minority groups is hard because many are illiterate both in speech production and composing in Khmer. As a study from Chap & A ; Thomas, ( 2003 ) mentioned that â€Å" the spread is widening as ethic minority people fail to derive entree to instruction and development enterprises. The lingual barrier is the first challenge to accessing development and instruction as few people particularly adult females and kids from the cultural minority communities speak the national linguistic communication † . Chap and Thomas ( 2003 ) besides stated that about all-ethnic minority females and over 80 % of the males were illiterate and most kids had ne'er attended school. â€Å" The bilingual instruction pilot undertaking uses a theoretical account of direction that begins in the slang and progresses to Khmer so that pupils learn to read and compose both linguistic communications. Base on the undertaking, five minority linguistic communications now have alp habets utilizing the Khmer book, and the Kampuchean authorities has late approved all five alphabets. † ( p.1 ) . In add-on, the same study provinces that current bilingual attempts are concentrated on five linguistic communications in northeasterly Cambodia, with extra lingual research in several other linguistic communications which have populations scattered throughout the county. The Kampuchean governmental ends are to assist local people to function in all sectors in their place small towns and states including an accent on cultural minorities, with particular schemes to run into their specific demands and challenges, many of which differ from those of the lowland Khmer populations. Furthermore, this study states that the bilingual instruction scheme is of import for run intoing Cambodia ‘s national Education For All ( EFA ) ends and fundamentally we know that the effectual manner is to get down from the known and travel to the unknown because Khmer is a foreign lin guistic communication for the cultural minority groups, therefore they need to get down with their ain linguistic communication in order to entree Khmer. Based on this, bilingual instruction helps highland populations prosecute more to the full in development and nation-building and helps them to do development programs appropriate to their communities in order to guarantee a positive hereafter ( p.3 ) Decision Although the instruction of cultural minority kids is really complicated, the plans that address these issues have been implemented with considerable success as the consequence of partnerships between the authorities, NGOs, local communities, and giver bureaus. Meanwhile, bilingual instruction undertakings have been piloted by CARE, ICC, SCN and others in the northern boundary line states ( Mondulkiri, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng ) utilizing the female parent lingua languages including Kawait, Kreung, Phnorng, Pompuon and Kou. Furthermore, bilingual instruction is expected to be developed based on the pilot plans and particular offers have been provided for instructors who are employed to remote and cultural minority countries. The MoEYS is developing Khmer books for the above five cultural minority groups in order to promote them to larn both mother lingua and the national linguistic communication, Khmer, utilizing both formal instruction and life accomplishments curri cula ( UNESCO, 2010, p.30 ) . In add-on, the authorities continues to set up residence halls for female pupils, construct schools at all degrees, particularly in rural and distant countries and they are besides increasing scholarships for hapless pupils. ( p.34 )

Barney’s View of Our World

Barney’s (2007) shows on visiting the zoo as well as play reading were fantastic in that they revealed an extremely peaceful view of our world. As a matter of fact, the message of both of these shows was founded on the principle of friendship. Barney’s song in both shows, â€Å"I love you/ You love me/ We’re a happy family/ With a great big hug and a kiss from me to you/ Won’t you say you love me too? † is sensational not only because it focuses on family and love, but also for the reason that it does not leave any room for negativity in human relations.The children on Barney’s shows did not fight at all, neither did they try to beat others in various competitions. Rather, each child’s individuality was recognized and valued. Barney’s show on visiting the zoo expressed the child’s sense of curiosity in a wonderful way. The children had gone to the zoo for a trip of exploration. Moreover, the children were divided by age. Nevertheless, each child knew what was relevant for his or her age group. The younger children did not envy the older children because the latter were more knowledgeable; neither did the older children envy the cuteness of the younger.Rather, they all showed respect for the knowledge given them; and they cherished their togetherness. The show on play reading undoubtedly described reading as fun. Barney sang a song with the children: â€Å"Books are fun/ Books are great/ Let’s sit down with a book today. † All children danced and then sat with books through the song. The show also had a segment on art work. In this, all children drew and painted, without anybody trying to best the others through superior art.The theme of both shows was friendship with respect to learning. The message was: We learn best when we are with friends, when we are positive and happy rather than negative and BARNEY’S VIEW OF OUR WORLD Page # 2 sad. Furthermore, there is no tension of comp etition among Barney and his friends. He is a great group leader for the children, who follow him and love him absolutely.Although our culture is defined by competition, and violence rather than peace is on the news channel, Barney’s television shows remind us about our true universal values. Jesus comes to mind at this point, because he had said that adults must become like children before they can find their way to Heaven. In this way, Barney’s theme and message are totally applicable in our culture, seeing that most of us believe in Jesus’ words. Many children learn about competition very early in life. This competition is often sibling-related.In school, children may start competing for higher ranks. All the same, every individual would like the sense of humaneness whereby everybody is recognized for his or her own talents and skills. Such is the message of Barney, taking us back to perhaps the newborn stage of life when it really did not matter how better o r worse we were with respect to others. It may very well be that Jesus was talking about this newborn stage of life when he mentioned that we must become like children in order to find our way.It is obvious that Barney is not depicting our actual culture in the conditions we live through today. Rather, the show is reminding us about our true universal values – values that everybody forming a part of our culture believes in, unconsciously or consciously. BARNEY’S VIEW OF OUR WORLD Page # 3 References 1. Barney. (2007, March 5-6). Television. Nick Junior.